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The Battle of Culloden
Vocabulary presentation

hail

(verb) – To praise or acknowledge something enthusiastically.

The scientist was hailed as a genius after her groundbreaking discovery.

overwhelmingly

(adverb) – To a very great degree; strongly or decisively.

The new policy was overwhelmingly supported by the public.

arbitrary

(adjective) – Based on personal choice or random decision rather than reason or law.

The manager’s decision seemed arbitrary and unfair to the employees.

foster

(verb) – Encouraging or promoting the growth or development of something.

The school focuses on fostering creativity among students.

absolute

(adjective) – Total, complete, or without restriction.

The dictator ruled with absolute power, allowing no opposition.

dynasty

(noun) – A powerful family or group of rulers that maintains power for a long time.

The Ming dynasty ruled China for nearly 300 years.

pretender

(noun) – Someone who claims a right to a throne or title, often without legitimacy.

The pretender to the throne gathered an army to challenge the king.

banner

(noun) – A flag or symbol used to represent a cause or movement.

The protesters marched under the banner of freedom and justice.

secure

(adjective/verb) – Safe, stable, or protected from danger.

The government worked to secure the nation’s borders.

alarm

(noun) – A feeling of fear or anxiety about something dangerous.

There was growing alarm over the spread of the disease.

reinforcements

(noun) – Additional troops or resources sent to strengthen a force.

The general called for reinforcements to support the weakened army.

dispirited

(adjective) – Having lost enthusiasm, hope, or confidence.

After repeated failures, the team felt dispirited and exhausted.

desertion

(noun) – The act of abandoning one’s duty, especially in the military.

The soldier was punished for desertion after fleeing the battlefield.

mustering

(verb) – Gathering or assembling people, especially for military purposes.

The commander was mustering his troops for battle.

subordinate

(adjective/noun) – Lower in rank or position.

She refused to take orders from a subordinate officer.

disciplinarian

(noun) – A person who enforces strict discipline.

The new principal was known as a strict disciplinarian.

confidence

(noun) – A belief in one’s abilities or a sense of trust.

He spoke with confidence about his plans for the company.

pursuit

(noun) – The act of chasing or striving to achieve something.

The police were in pursuit of the fleeing suspect.

casualties

(noun) – People who are killed or injured in an accident or battle.

The battle resulted in heavy casualties on both sides.

authenticity

(noun) – The quality of being genuine or real.

The museum checked the authenticity of the ancient artifact.

determined

(adjective) – Having a firm decision or strong will to achieve something.

She was determined to finish her degree despite many challenges.

excesses

(noun) – Extreme or over-the-top actions or behaviors.

The excesses of the royal court led to public outrage.

legacy

(noun) – Something handed down from the past, such as traditions or impact.

His greatest legacy was the education reform he introduced.

restrict

(verb) – Limiting or controlling something.

The new law is restricting access to certain areas of the city.

succession

(noun) – The process of inheriting a position, especially a throne.

The king had no direct heir, so the succession was uncertain.

interference

(noun) – Unwanted involvement or meddling in someone else’s affairs.

The government warned foreign countries against interference in domestic politics.

cloaked

(verb/adjective) – Covered, hidden, or disguised.

His true intentions were cloaked in mystery.

harsh (adjective) – Severe, strict, or cruel.

The prisoners faced harsh conditions in the remote prison.

approval

(noun) – Agreement or official permission for something.

She waited for her manager’s approval before proceeding with the project.

challenging

(verb/adjective) – Questioning or disputing something; difficult.

The lawyer was challenging the validity of the contract.

explode

(verb) – Bursting outward; also used metaphorically to mean exposing a falsehood.

The journalist’s report exploded the myth of the politician’s honesty.

sacrifice

(verb) – Gave up something valuable for a greater cause.

Many soldiers sacrificed their lives for their country.

loyal

(adjective) – Faithful and devoted to a cause or person.

The dog remained loyal to its owner despite being abandoned.

presage

(verb) – To predict or indicate a future event.

Dark clouds presaged an approaching storm.

converge

(verb) – Coming together or meeting at a point.

The two rivers converged to form a larger one.

incipient

(adjective) – Just beginning to develop or appear.

The doctor identified the incipient signs of the disease.

muster

(verb) – Gathered together, especially troops.

He mustered all his courage before giving the speech.

motley

(adjective) – A diverse or mixed collection of things or people.

The audience was a motley mix of students and professors.

calibre

(noun) – Levels of quality, ability, or measurement (such as bullet sizes).

The company only hires employees of the highest calibre.

cannonade

verb) – Strike with artillery fire.

The enemy fort was cannonaded throughout the night.

unleash

(verb) – Released something powerful, often suddenly.

The speech unleashed a wave of protests across the city.

flank

(noun) – The sides of an army or a physical area.

The general ordered his soldiers to attack from the flanks.

rout

(noun) – A chaotic and overwhelming defeat.

The battle turned into a rout as the soldiers fled in panic.

fête

(verb) – Publicly celebrated or honored.

The athlete was fêted as a national hero after winning the gold medal.

harry

(verb) – Attacked or harassed repeatedly.

The villagers were harried by bandits for months.

pilgrimage

(noun) – A journey for religious or special purposes.

Thousands of people make a pilgrimage to the sacred site each year.

reproach

(verb) – Criticized or blamed someone.

She reproached him for being late to the meeting.

ultimately

(adverb) – In the end, finally.

The decision ultimately rested with the board of directors.

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